Promotion of distributed energy system considering capacity allocation optimization and multi-stakeholder decision-making behaviors

The promotion of distributed energy systems with hybrid renewable energy needs careful considerations on multiple conflicting objectives (e.g. economy, environment and energy efficiency) and multiple stakeholders (e.g. government, energy enterprises and energy users) from planning and market operation stage. Firstly, the capacity allocation for a park-level distributed energy system is analyzed by using the multi-objective optimization model, and the optimal capacity allocations under different carbon tax constraints are determined. Then, an evolutionary game model is developed to determine evolutionarily stable strategies for promoting the distributed energy system. The results show that the carbon tax contributes to increasing the penetration of renewable energy. When increasing the carbon tax from zero to 11.6% of the average electricity price, the annual carbon emission can decrease by 2.9%. At the initial stage, enterprises would prefer distributed energy system as the subsidy increases to 42% of the additional cost due to producing distributed energy system. At the accelerated stage, when the carbon tax due to producing conventional system exceeds 2.7% of the additional cost, distributed energy system becomes more economical and environmentally friendly. At the stable stage, when the policy implementation cost is higher than the corresponding social benefits, the dominance of government declines. [Display omitted] •Capacity of distributed energy system with hybrid renewable energy is optimized.•Quantified relation of carbon emission, carbon tax and electricity price is given.•An evolutionary game model is established to determine decision-making behaviors.•Evolutionary stability strategy for promoting distributed energy system is given.•Behaviors of government, enterprises and users vary with promotion stages.