The mechanical behavior of bovine spinal cord white matter under various strain rate conditions: tensile testing and visco-hyperelastic constitutive modeling

The mechanical behavior of the white matter is important for estimating the damage of the spinal cord during accidents. In this study, we conducted uniaxial tension testing in vitro of bovine spinal cord white matter under extremely high strain rate conditions (up to 100 s −1 ). A visco-hyperelastic constitutive law for modeling the strain rate-dependent behavior of the bovine spinal cord white matter was developed. A set of material constants was obtained using a Levenberg–Marquardt fitting algorithm to match the uniaxial tension experimental data with various strain rates. Our experimental data confirmed that the modulus and tensile strength increased when the strain rate is higher. For the extremely high strain rate condition (100 s −1 ), we found that both the modulus and failure stress significantly increased compared with the low strain rate case. These new data in terms of mechanical response at high strain rate provide insight into the spine injury mechanism caused by high-speed impact. Moreover, the developed constitutive model will allow researchers to perform more realistic finite element modeling and simulation of spinal cord injury damage under various complicated conditions. Graphical Abstract