Genetic Warfare: The Plant Genome's Role in Fending Off Insect Invaders

ABSTRACT The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant–insect co‐evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant–insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage‐associated and herbivore‐associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies. The defense mechanisms of plants against insect invaders encompass multiple strategies, including both direct and indirect defenses. Direct defenses involve physical and chemical barriers that impair insect growth and reproduction, while indirect defenses attract natural enemies of herbivores through volatile compounds. Molecular interactions underpin these defensive responses, with significant roles attributed to gene signaling pathways and phytohormones, which orchestrate plant reactions to insect threats. Summary Plants deploy both direct and indirect genetic defenses against insect herbivores. Plant perception through key defense genes regulates signaling pathways, including herbivore‐associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and the roles of Ca2+ (calcium ions), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, it inv