Exploiting gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis for enhanced antimicrobial activity of phage endolysin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory immune response of eukaryotic cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other pathological stimuli, leading to the activation of the gasdermin D (GSDMD) and secretion of pore-forming domain GSDMD , facilitating the release of cytokines. Additionally, GSDMD exhibits antibacterial properties through interactions with bacterial outer membranes (OM). We explored alternative antimicrobial strategy to determine whether inducing natural pyroptosis via GSDMD activation by LPS could enhance the effectiveness of recombinant phage endopeptidase KP27 (peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme) against , enabling penetration through OM and bacterial killing synergistically. Our findings demonstrated that recombinant GSDMD alone exhibited antibacterial effects against wild-type with smooth LPS, while recombinant GSDMD efficiently permeabilized both smooth LPS-bearing and O-chain-deficient potentially synergizing with endolysin KP27. Transcriptomic analyses revealed the activation of the immune system pathways in response to LPS, mainly in monocytic cells, in contrast to epithelial A549 or HeLa cell lines. LPS-induced pyroptosis in monocytes led to GSDMD cleavage and the release of interleukins, regardless of the nature/origin of the LPS used. However, the pyroptosis stimulation by LPS in the antibacterial assay was not effective enough for bacterial OM permeabilization and enhancement of endolysin activity. We assume that leveraging pyroptosis induction in monocytic cells to augment the bactericidal activity of endolysins may be limited. Recombinant GSDMD protein was able to efficiently permeabilize outer membranes and increase endolysin activity against bacteria, producing either long LPS O-chains or lack them entirely. The obtained results suggest the limited possibility of using the natural process of pyroptosis occurring in monocytic cells to enhance the bactericidal effect of recombinant phage endolysins against Gram-negative bacteria infection.