Epitranscriptomic regulation through phase separation in plants

Liquid–liquid phase separation is fundamental to the formation of membraneless biomolecular condensates, which function in multiple basic cellular processes.Emerging evidence suggests that epitranscriptomic regulation via phase separation plays critical roles in modulating mRNA metabolism, thereby regulating various aspects of plant development and stress responses.m6A modification notably influences condensate assembly and behavior, orchestrating diverse downstream effects on gene regulation.m6A effector–enriched cellular condensates act as dynamic cellular hotspot hubs that co-coalesce mRNAs and other regulators, enabling precise control over key aspects of mRNA metabolism.Epitranscriptome regulation via phase separation might represent a universal mechanism for sorting modified RNAs into diverse dynamic cellular compartments to facilitate mRNA fate determination. Epitranscriptomic regulation has emerged as a crucial layer of gene control where RNA modifications, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m6A), introduce complexity and versatility to gene regulation. Increasing evidence suggests that epitranscriptomic regulation through phase separation plays critical roles in mediating RNA metabolism during plant development and stress responses. m6A-associated biomolecular condensates formed via phase separation act as dynamic cellular hotspots where m6A effectors, RNAs, and other regulatory proteins coalesce to facilitate RNA regulation. Moreover, m6A modulates condensate assembly. Herein, I summarize the current understanding of how m6A- and m6A effector–mediated formation of biomolecular condensates mediates plant development and stress adaptation. I also discuss several working models for m6A-associated biomolecular condensates and highlight the prospects for future research on epitranscriptomic regulation through phase separation. Epitranscriptomic regulation has emerged as a crucial layer of gene control where RNA modifications, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m6A), introduce complexity and versatility to gene regulation. Increasing evidence suggests that epitranscriptomic regulation through phase separation plays critical roles in mediating RNA metabolism during plant development and stress responses. m6A-associated biomolecular condensates formed via phase separation act as dynamic cellular hotspots where m6A effectors, RNAs, and other regulatory proteins coalesce to facilitate RNA regulation. Moreover, m6A modulates condensate assembly. Herein, I summa