Influence of smoking on glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes using flash glucose monitoring and its mediating role in the relationship between socioeconomic status and glycaemic control

Objective This study examined the influence of smoking on glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using flash continuous glucose monitoring (F-CGM) systems, as well as its potential mediating role in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and glycaemic control. Methods This study included 378 subjects with T1D (18% smokers). Glucose metrics cloud downloads were obtained over a period of 14 days. Mean annual net income per person based on census tract data was used as a proxy for SES. Mediation analysis was performed using four-way effect decomposition procedures. Results Smokers exhibited significantly lower net income than non-smokers ( p