Temporomandibular joint rehabilitative approaches for children and adolescents affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A systematic review

Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood, and temporomandibular joints (TMJs) are involved in 39%–78% of patients. Aim The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of conservative approaches in improving TMJ arthritis in children and adolescents affected by JIA. Design PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched from the inception until February 25, 2024, to identify observational studies presenting participants with a diagnosis of JIA affecting the TMJ, rehabilitative approaches for TMJ arthritis as interventions, and clinical or radiological assessment of TMJ arthritis as outcome. Results Of 478 papers suitable for title/ screening, 13 studies were included. The studies evaluated the effectiveness of intra‐articular (IA) corticosteroid (CS) injections, IA infliximab injections, arthrocentesis alone or in combination with IACS injections, occlusal splint, functional appliance, and physiotherapy. The effectiveness of IACS injections was shown in eight studies. IA infliximab injections did not appear to significantly improve TMJ arthritis. Conclusion Results of this systematic review suggested that conservative treatments, especially IACS injections, might be effective in improving TMJ arthritis in patients affected by JIA. Further studies with a higher level of evidence and more representative samples should be conducted.