Multi‐omics analysis unveils the role of inflammatory cancer‐associated fibroblasts in chordoma progression

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute the primary cellular component of the stroma in chordomas, characterized by an abundance of mucinous stromal elements, potentially facilitating their initiation and progression; however, this inference has yet to be fully confirmed. In this study, single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq), spatial transcriptomics (ST), bulk RNA‐seq, multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), and in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine the heterogeneity, spatial distribution, and clinical significance of CAFs in chordoma. ScRNA‐seq was performed on 87,693 single cells derived from seven tumor samples and four control nucleus pulposus samples. A distinct CAF cluster distinguished by the upregulated expression of inflammatory genes and enriched functionality in activating inflammation‐associated cells was identified. Pseudotime trajectory and cell communication analyses suggested that this inflammatory CAF (iCAF) subset originated from normal fibroblasts and interacted extensively with tumors and various other cell types. By integrating the scRNA‐seq results with ST, the presence of iCAF in chordoma tissue was further confirmed, indicating their positioning at a distance from the tumor cells. Bulk RNA‐seq data analysis from 126 patients revealed a correlation between iCAF signature scores, chordoma invasiveness, and poor prognosis. QIF validation involving an additional 116 patients found that although iCAFs were not in close proximity to tumor cells compared with other CAF subsets, their density correlated with malignant tumor phenotypes and adverse outcomes. In vivo and in vitro experiments further confirmed that iCAFs accelerate the malignant progression of chordomas. These findings could provide insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.