Metabolomic insights into the multiple stress responses of metabolites in major oilseed crops

The multidimensional significance of metabolomics has gained increasing attention in oilseeds research and development. Sesame, peanut, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, and perilla are the most important oilseed crops consumed as vegetable oils worldwide. However, multiple biotic and abiotic stressors affect metabolites essential for plant growth, development, and ecological adaptation, resulting in reduced productivity and quality. Stressors can result in dynamic changes in oilseed crops' overall performance, leading to changes in primary (ex: saccharides, lipids, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, phytohormones, and nucleotides) and secondary (ex: flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, coumarins, and lignans) major metabolite classes. Those metabolites indicate plant physiological conditions and adaptation strategies to diverse biotic and abiotic stressors. Advancements in targeted and untargeted detection and quantification approaches and technologies aided metabolomics and crop improvement. This review seeks to clarify the metabolomics advancements, significant contributions of metabolites, and specific metabolites that accumulate in reaction to various stressors in oilseed crops. Considering the response of metabolites to multiple stress effects, we compiled comprehensive and combined metabolic biosynthesis pathways for six major classes. Understanding these essential metabolites and pathways can inform molecular breeding strategies to develop resilient oilseed cultivars. Hence, this review highlights metabolomics advancements and metabolites' potential roles in major oilseed crops' biotic and abiotic stress responses.