A Mixed Reality-based Tele-Supervised Ultrasound Education Platform on 5G network compared to Direct Supervision: Prospective Randomized Pilot Trial

Ultrasound education is transitioning from in-person training to remote methods using mixed reality (MR) and 5G networks. Previous studies are mainly experimental, lacking randomized controlled trials in direct training scenarios. This study aimed to compare an MR-based tele-supervised ultrasound education platform on private 5G networks with traditional in-person training for novice doctors. Conducted at a tertiary academic hospital from November to December 2023, the prospective unblinded randomized controlled pilot study assigned doctors without prior abdominal ultrasound education experience to either the tele-supervision group (TG; n = 20) or direct supervision group (DG; n = 20). Participants received a 15-min video lecture, conducted ultrasound on a phantom, and had 18 images scored by two blinded experts. Additionally, the TG received five minutes of training on basic operation of a head-mounted display (HMD). Communication between doctors in the TG and supervisors was facilitated through an HMD, whereas those in the DG interacted directly with supervisors. Primary outcomes were image quality scores, while secondary outcomes included procedure time, number of supervisor interventions, user experience using NASA-Task load index (NASA-TLX), System Usability Scale (SUS), and self-confidence through pre- and post-surveys. Image quality scores and procedure times showed no significant differences between the groups (TG: 66.8 ± 10.3 vs DG: 66.8 ± 10.4, P = .844; TG: 23.8 ± 8.0 min vs DG: 24.0 ± 8.1 min, P = .946). However, the TG engaged in more educational interventions (TG: 4.0 ± 2.5 vs DG: 0.8 ± 1.1, P