Challenges in Snakebite Management in India: Insights from a Physician Survey with Special Focus on Kerala and treatment of bites by Hump-nosed Pit Vipers (Hypnale spp.)

India has a high incidence of snakebite-related mortality, making effective snakebite management crucial. This study aimed to explore current practices, challenges, and opportunities for improvement in snakebite management across India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among physicians in India covering aspects such as scope of practice, snake identification, first aid measures, institutional management, and specific management practices for hump-nosed pit viper ( ) bites. The survey included 37 questions across 5 sections, with data collected via emails, professional networks, and online platforms. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 23 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY), and manual thematic analysis was applied to open-ended responses. The survey revealed a discrepancy between physicians' confidence and accuracy in snake identification, with some still reporting outdated first aid and treatment practices. Despite recognizing the importance of snake species identification, a significant portion of respondents incorrectly identified the snakes. The study highlighted variability in institutional practices for snakebite management, such as administering prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis and monitoring periods for asymptomatic patients. In managing viper bites, a demand for specific guidelines and a monovalent antivenom was evident because the current polyvalent antivenom is ineffective for this species. The survey emphasizes the need for improved training in snake identification, standardized treatment protocols, and the development of region-specific antivenoms. It emphasizes the necessity of updating guidelines to address the unique challenges of snakebite management in India, particularly for species not covered by existing antivenoms.