Prediction models for outcomes in people with low back pain receiving conservative treatment: a systematic review

To identify, critically appraise and evaluate the performance measures of the available prediction models for outcomes in people with low back pain (LBP) receiving conservative treatment. In this systematic review, literature searches were conducted in Embase, Medline, and cumulative index of nursing and allied health literature from their inception until February 2024. Studies containing follow-up assessment (eg, prospective cohort studies, registry-based studies) investigating prediction models of outcomes (eg, pain intensity and disability) for people with LBP receiving conservative treatment were included. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, the data extraction using the Checklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies, and risk of bias assessment using the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment. Findings of individual studies were reported narratively taking into account the discrimination and calibration measures of the prediction models. Seventy-five studies developing or investigating the validity of 216 models were included in this review. Most prediction models investigated people receiving physiotherapy treatment and most models included sociodemographic variables, clinical features, and self-reported measures as predictors. The discriminatory capacity of the internal validity of the 27 prediction models for pain intensity varied greatly showing a c-statistic ranging from 0.48 to 0.94. Similarly, the discriminatory capacity for 31 models for disability had the same pattern showing a c-statistic ranging from 0.48 to 0.86. The calibration measures of the internal validity of the prediction models predicting pain intensity and disability showed to be adequate. Only one of 3 studies testing the external validity of models to predict pain intensity and disability and reported both discrimination and calibration measures, which showed to be inadequate. The prediction models predicting the secondary outcomes (eg, self-reported recovery, quality of life, return to work) showed varied performance measures for internal validity, and only 2 studies tested the external validity of models although they did not provide performance the performance measures. Several prediction models have been developed for people with LBP receiving conservative treatment; however, most show inadequate discriminatory validity. A few studies externally validated the prediction models and future stu