Relationship between inflammation/immunity and epilepsy: A multi-omics mendelian randomization study integrating GWAS, eQTL, and mQTL data

[Display omitted] •Mendelian randomization approach integrating GWAS, eQTL, and mQTL data was adopted.•SMR analysis revealed that 37 methylation sites and 6 genes had potential causal association with epilepsy.•MR analysis confirmed that VEGFA was a protective factor, while IL16 and HLA-DPA1 were risk factors for epilepsy.•Causal genes were enriched in GO terms such as VEGF activation signaling and chemotaxis regulation. Increasing evidence suggests that activated innate/adaptive immunity induces an inflammatory response, thereby participating in epileptogenesis. However, the biological explanation of inflammation/immunity as a potential cause for epilepsy remains largely unknown. This research aimed to determine the causal effects of inflammation/immune-related genes in epilepsy based on multi-omics mendelian randomization (MR). We employed summary-data-based MR (SMR) approach to combine GWAS for epilepsy (12,891 cases and 312,803 control) with gene expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL, 31,684 participants) and DNA methylation QTL (cis-mQTL, 1,980 participants) data. Five additional MR methods were then used for sensitivity analyses to confirm the reliability of causal associations. In addition, enrichment analysis of key genes was conducted to provide insight into the biological functions of epilepsy risk variants. A total of 386 inflammation/immune-related genes were selected for further analyses. Primary SMR analysis indicated that 37 DNA methylation sites and six genes regulated by them had potential causal relationship with epilepsy. MR analysis further refined the results, identifying three genes that had a causal effect on epilepsy. Notably, VEGFA (OR: 0.925; 95 % CI: 0.862–0.994) expression was negatively correlated with epilepsy risk, whereas IL16 (OR: 1.076; 95 % CI: 1.028–1.126) and HLA-DPA1 (OR: 1.041; 95 % CI: 1.009–1.074) expressions were positively associated with epilepsy risk. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the identified genes were involved in GO-BP terms related to VEGF activation signaling and chemotaxis regulation. This analysis confirms the causal role of inflammation/immunity in epilepsy, and the identified candidate genes provide clues for drug development in clinical practice.