Systematic review of treatments for the gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

•Gastrointestinal involvement (GI) in SLE is heterogenous, ranging from serositis to enteritis and solid organ involvement (hepatitis and pancreatitis).•There are no clinical trials of immunomodulatory treatments for GI manifestations of SLE and available evidence is primarily from case series and case-control studies.•Corticosteroids are presently the mainstay of treatment in acute GI involvement in SLE, with some evidence in support of the use of immunomodulatory agents (including mycophenolate, azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab).•GI involvement in SLE remains an area in need of effective therapies proven in clinical trials.•This review summarises the available evidence as a proposed treatment algorithm, stratified by severity of manifestation, and with special considerations for specific GI manifestations. To comprehensively assess and present the evidence for treatments used in the management of the gastrointestinal manifestations of SLE. A systematic search of the literature from January 1990 to June 2022 was performed using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane. Key words relating to the gastrointestinal system, SLE, and treatment were used. Where there was sufficient evidence for the treatment of a manifestation, we excluded case series with