Synthesis of eco-friendly CaCO3@Zn-Al MMO core-shell nanoflowers photocatalyst using bio–eggshell waste for improved photocatalytic degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation

In this study, a type-I heterojunction was synthesized based on eggshell waste doped mixed metal oxide (ES@ZnAl MMO) for the degradation of RhB dye under visible light irradiation. The ES@ZnAl MMO core-shell was synthesized using waste eggshell and layered double hydroxide (LDH) as primary precursors. After their mechanochemical assembly and thermal treatment, CaCO3 was formed in both calcite and vaterite forms, alongside mixed metal oxides derived from the LDH (ZnO and Al2O3). The formation of a heterojunction between the semiconductors results in an improved activation of sites, a decrease in bandgap energy from 5.72 to 3.44 eV, and an increase in degradation capacity. The elemental composition, morphology, structural, and optical properties of the ES@ZnAl MMO nanocomposite were analyzed using various techniques. The optimal ES@ZnAl MMO photocatalyst demonstrated superior performance, reaching over 98% of RhB dye degradation under optimal conditions, outperforming pure ZnAl LDH, ZnAl MMO, and ES. After five run cycles, the ES@ZnAl MMO heterojunction still maintained a high photocatalytic performance for RhB dye (99%). Furthermore, it displayed high performance in degrading various other pollutants, including OG, IC, MB, and 2.4-DP, with degradation efficiencies of 97%, 99%, 99%, and 87%, respectively. This economically advantageous heterojunction showed its importance in environmental remediation, presenting a promising solution for addressing diverse pollution challenges. [Display omitted] •Novel eco-friendly ES0.75@ZnAl MMO heterojunction have been successfully synthesized.•ES0.75@ZnAl MMO composites exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for RhB dye under visible irradiation.•ES0.75@ZnAl MMO are utilized to treat different pollutants (MB, IC, OG, and 2.4-DP).•O2·− radicals and h+ predominantly drive the photocatalytic degradation of RhB.•The photocatalysis mechanism of ES0.75@ZnAl MMO composites against RhB was explored.