Profiles of refugee-related trauma exposure and depression among North Korean refugees in South Korea: A latent class analysis

North Korean refugees (NKRs) exhibit alarmingly high levels of depression prior to or immediately after entering South Korean society, which is likely attributable to their pre-migration traumatic experiences. However, prior research on NKRs has simply examined the cumulative effect of trauma on depression. Despite calls for research identifying trauma exposure patterns that co-occur among refugees, to date, no study has investigated distinct profiles of NKRs' pre-migration trauma exposure and their associations with depression in this high-risk population. To better understand the unique mental health needs of NKRs and provide them with tailored care, it is imperative to identify meaningful subgroups of NKRs with distinct profiles of trauma exposure. Using latent class analysis (LCA), which is a person-centered approach, this study aimed to identify subgroups of NKRs based on trauma exposure and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and depression levels. A sample of NKRs ( = 405) in South Korea were assessed for depression, pre-migration trauma, and sociodemographic covariates through a self-administered survey. LCA was conducted to identify trauma exposure classes and multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed to examine associations between trauma exposure classes and depression. The prevalence of clinically significant depression was 47.2% for our study sample. Three classes of trauma were identified: deprivation trauma and witnessing death (59.3%), complex and pervasive trauma (23.7%), and low exposure (17.0%). Members in the complex and pervasive trauma class demonstrated very high probabilities of exposure to all traumatic events and had the strongest association with elevated depression. Our findings underscore the importance of identifying subgroups of NKRs to unravel heterogeneity in trauma exposure and provide more nuanced explanations for different risk profiles regarding depression. These findings also provide evidence for a framework for clinicians to provide individualized resources and trauma-informed services to NKRs.