Characterization and functional insights of the novel RC-type plasmid pAnox1 from Anoxybacillus gonensis 05S15

The plasmid pAnox1, isolated from Anoxybacillus gonensis 05S15, was sequenced and characterized as a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule of 1592 base pairs with a GC content of 40.01 %. Despite its cryptic nature and small genome, bioinformatic analyses identified conserved motifs associated with replication-related proteins, though BLAST searches revealed no significant homology with other plasmids. The plasmid genome contains five putative Open Reading Frames (ORFs), four palindromic sequences, and two direct repeats on both strands, suggesting regulatory roles. Electron microscopy and Southern hybridization studies confirmed that pAnox1 follows a Rolling Circle (RC) replication mode. The study further demonstrated that the plasmid encodes three distinct transcripts: ORF-1 and ORF-3 are oriented in the same direction, while ORF-5 is on the opposite strand. RACE and LACE analyses revealed transcript lengths of 903 bp for ORF1, 499 bp for ORF3, and 211 bp for ORF5. Quantitative real-time PCR estimated the relative copy number of pAnox1 at 127 ± 2 copies per chromosomal equivalent. This novel RC-type plasmid in the Anoxybacillus genome holds promise as a cloning and expression vector for biotechnological applications and in vivo protein engineering. •A novel and cryptic plasmid from Anoxybacillus gonensis 05S15.•pAnox1 is a small, double stranded and 1562 bp circular molecule with 40.01 % GC content.•pAnox1 replicates via Rolling Circle (RC) Replication mechanism.•The copy number of pAnox1 was calculated by qPCR as 127 ± 2 copies per chromosome.