Disseminated Aspergillosis in X-linked Agammaglobulinemia: Beyond the norm

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) due to a mutation in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase ( BTK ), leads to the arrested development of B cells at the pro-B cell stage. This results in absent B cells and severe hypogammaglobulinemia. XLA patients usually present with recurrent sinopulmonary infection. Bacterial infections are the commonest [ 2 ], fungal infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii , Aspergillu s and Candida species are rarely reported and they are associated with mortality in XLA [ 3 ]. We report a 3.5-year-old boy with disseminated aspergillosis, an uncommon presentation of XLA. Despite treatment with antifungals, including voriconazole and amphotericin B, the patient succumbed to the illness. Genetic analysis revealed a pathogenic variant in the BTK gene (R28H), confirming XLA diagnosis. This case highlights the potential for severe fungal infections in XLA patients and suggests broader immune system dysregulation beyond B-cell defects.