Environmental and human health risk of potentially toxic metals in freshwater and brackish water Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture

Tilapia aquaculture is rapidly expanding worldwide, particularly in Bangladesh. However, metal pollution in aquaculture presents significant environmental and human health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of 13 potentially toxic metals (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Mn, Se, and Zn) in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), surface water, and sediment from freshwater and brackish water aquaculture ponds. The study also assessed the associated environmental and human health risks. Samples of tilapia, water, and sediment were collected between October and November 2021 and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of As, Cr, Pb, Se, and Zn in tilapia muscle of both freshwater and brackish water, as well as Cd and Ni in brackish water, exceeded recommended EDI values. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1 for most metals, except for As in brackish water tilapia and Cr in both freshwater and brackish water tilapia, indicating potential health risks. The Target Cancer Risk (TR) values for As in both freshwater and brackish water tilapia, and for Cr and Ni in freshwater tilapia, exceeded acceptable ranges. While the concentrations of metals in surface water of both freshwater and brackish water tilapia farms varied, all mean concentrations were below WHO recommended limits. The contamination factor (C f ) values were less than 1 for all metals in both types of aquaculture ponds, except for Zn in freshwater sediment and Se in brackish water sediment. Additionally, the calculated risk indices including the Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (I geo ), Ecological Risk Factor (E r ), and Potential Ecological Risk Factor (PER) for sediment were below the risk thresholds values (PLI < 1, I geo < 0, E r < 40, and PER < 150). The significant positive correlations were found between tilapia muscle and the sediment of the respective ponds for arsenic (As) (ρ= 0.8, p