Electrochemical Glucose Sensors: Classification, Catalyst Innovation, and Sampling Mode Evolution

ABSTRACT Glucose sensors are essential tools for monitoring blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients. In recent years, with the increasing number of individuals suffering from diabetes, blood glucose monitoring has become extremely necessary, which expedites the iteration and upgrade of glucose sensors greatly. Currently, two main types of glucose sensors are available for blood glucose testing: enzyme‐based glucose sensor (EBGS) and enzyme‐free glucose sensor (EFGS). For EBGS, several progresses have been made to comprehensively improve detection performance, ranging from enhancing enzyme activity, thermostability, and electron transfer properties, to introducing new materials with superior properties. For EFGS, more and more new metallic materials and their oxides are being applied to further optimize its blood glucose monitoring. Here the latest progress of electrochemical glucose sensors, their manufacturing methods, electrode materials, electrochemical parameters, and applications were summarized, the development glucose sensors with various noninvasive sampling modes were also compared. Graphical and Lay Summary Based on whether the electrode contains enzymes, electrochemical glucose sensors are divided into enzyme‐based glucose sensor (EBGS) and enzyme‐free glucose sensor (EFGS). For EBGSs, they were further categorized into three generations according to different electron transport modes from glucose to electrodes. For EFGSs, four kinds of catalytic materials was summarized.