Treadmill exercise improves cerebral ischemia injury by regulating microglia polarization via downregulation of MMP12

•Treadmill exercise significantly improved sensorimotor functions after ischemic stroke.•Treadmill exercise could promote microglia polarization to M2 phenotype after MCAO.•Suppression of MMP12 could remodel microglia immune functions.•Treadmill exercise may improve the inflammatory microenvironment after MCAO via MMP12. Exercise training is the main strategy for stroke rehabilitation, and it has shown that shifting microglia toward M2 phenotype is beneficial for the recovery of neurological function after stroke. The mechanisms governing exercise training and inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia remain largely unexplored. Herein, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of exercise training in immune response after cerebral ischemia. The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and primary microglia under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions were used to mimic the ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro respectively. Treadmill exercise with gradually increased intensity was initiated the second day after MCAO for a maximum of 14 days. The beam balance test, forelimb placement test, cornering test, modified adhesive removal test were used to assess the behavioral recovery. The right peri-infarct cortex was taken from 3 rats per group for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and phagocytosis assay was performed after MCAO and/or OGD/R. Treadmill exercise could significantly improve behavioral outcomes and reduce the infarct volumes. In addition, treadmill exercise switched microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype (Iba+/CD206+) in the peri-infarct cortex, and significantly increased the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β, IL10, Arg-1, CD206) and decreased a pool of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CD68) in the peri-infarct areas. RNA-seq analysis and further studies demonstrated that exercise training could significantly reduce the expression of MMP12. Through further immunofluorescence co-labeling analysis, we found that treadmill exercise predominantly reduced the expression of MMP-12 in microglia but not in neuron after MCAO. In primary microglia after OGD/R, MMP12 inhibition switched microglia polarization toward to M2 phenotype, increased the expression of M2 markers, and enhanced its phagocytic capacities. Our data demonstrate that treadmill exercise could improve the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain after ische