Detection of the first recombinant African swine fever virus (genotypes I and II) in domestic pigs in Russia

Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that affects pigs and wild boars, with a mortality rate of up to 100% in susceptible animals. The virus has been circulating in Europe and Asia since its introduction in 2007. Initially, all studied isolates were identified as genotype II, but in 2021 genotype I was reported in China. Later in 2023, the first recombinant virus of genotype I and II was identified in China, with an isolate dating back to 2021, this was followed by the detection of 6 recombinant isolates in Vietnam. Methods In this study, an ASFV isolate from the Primorsky Region of Russia obtained from a domestic pig was analyzed by sequencing several genome markers as well as the full genome. Eight pigs were infected with the isolate to assess its virulence. Results Virus replication in cell culture showed hemadsorption, while sequencing of genome markers clustered the isolate into both genotype I and genotype II. The whole-genome sequence showed that the Russian isolate shared a 99.99% identity with recombinant isolates described earlier in China. Experimental animals developed ASF disease after the introduction of a low dose of the virus (10 HAU50) and died within 7 days post-infection, presenting an acute form of the disease. Conclusion This is the first report on recombinant ASFV in Russia’s territory. The results once again confirm the transboundary nature of the disease, demonstrating the vulnerability of the global pig industry underscoring the need for developing new ASF vaccines effective against recombinant strains and emphasizing the importance of continuous molecular monitoring to detect emerging threats promptly.