Search and match across spatial omics samples at single-cell resolution

Spatial omics technologies characterize tissue molecular properties with spatial information, but integrating and comparing spatial data across different technologies and modalities is challenging. A comparative analysis tool that can search, match and visualize both similarities and differences of molecular features in space across multiple samples is lacking. To address this, we introduce CAST (cross-sample alignment of spatial omics), a deep graph neural network-based method enabling spatial-to-spatial searching and matching at the single-cell level. CAST aligns tissues based on intrinsic similarities of spatial molecular features and reconstructs spatially resolved single-cell multi-omic profiles. CAST further allows spatially resolved differential analysis (∆Analysis) to pinpoint and visualize disease-associated molecular pathways and cell–cell interactions and single-cell relative translational efficiency profiling to reveal variations in translational control across cell types and regions. CAST serves as an integrative framework for seamless single-cell spatial data searching and matching across technologies, modalities and sample conditions. CAST is a deep learning-based method that enables across-sample searching and matching based on spatial molecular features and reconstructing spatially resolved single-cell multi-omic profiles, as well as supports downstream differential analysis.