Advances in retina genetics: Progress, potential, and challenges

The field of retinal genetics has seen remarkable advancements lately, reshaping our understanding of various retinal conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal dystrophies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of genetics in the retina, covering the progress made, the expected future developments, and the challenges yet to be overcome. We highlight key advancements such as the advent of next-generation sequencing, which has exponentially enhanced the discovery of genetic mutations, thus also enabling personalized medicine/therapeutic approaches. Stem cells, gene augmentation, and gene-editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 are discussed, in which we highlight ongoing research as well as their potential in the targeted treatment of retinal diseases. Despite these promising advancements, the field faces significant challenges, such as the complex interpretation of genetic data, ethical considerations, and the translational gap from bench to bedside. This review serves as a comprehensive guide not only to ophthalmologists but also to other healthcare professionals, scientists, and policymakers, providing insights into the rapidly evolving landscape of retinal genetics. It aims to stimulate further research and collaboration to surmount existing challenges and harness the full potential of genetic advancements for retinal health.