Comparison of robotic system and dynamic navigation for zygomatic implant placement: An in vitro study

•Accuracy of robotic and dynamic navigation systems in ZI placement was compared.•Robotics system can effectively prevent zygomatic implant overextension.•Robotic system accuracy was slightly lower than dynamic navigation system accuracy.•Robotic systems may require further improvements for zygomatic implant placement. To compare the accuracy of robotic and dynamic navigation systems in assisting zygomatic implant (ZI) using an in vitro model experiment. Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients who underwent ZI treatment between 2011 and 2023 were collected from local databases. Corresponding three-dimensional resin models were printed and assigned to two groups: the robotic and dynamic navigation system groups. Following preoperative plans, ZIs were placed in the models with the assistance of either a robotic or dynamic navigation system. Deviations in the in vitro navigation surgery were measured and compared between the groups. A total of 110 ZIs were placed in 56 models, with 55 ZIs in each group. No significant differences were observed in entry and angle deviations between the groups (p>0.05). However, the exit deviation in the robotic system group (2.39±1.24 mm) was larger than that in the dynamic navigation group (1.83±1.25 mm) (p