Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated graphene oxide nanosheets derived from Lissachatina fulica snail mucus and their biomedical applications

The modern nanomedicine incorporates the multimodal treatments into a single formulation, offering innovative cancer therapy options. Nanosheets function as carriers, altering the solubility, biodistribution, and effectiveness of medicinal compounds, resulting in more efficient cancer treatments and reduced side effects. The non‐toxic nature of fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO) nanosheets and their potential applications in medication delivery, medical diagnostics, and biomedicine distinguish them from others. Leveraging the unique properties of Lissachatina fulica snail mucus (LfSM), FGO nanosheets were developed to reveal the novel characteristics. Consequently, LfSM was utilized to create non‐toxic, environmentally friendly, and long‐lasting FGO nanosheets. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy revealed a prominent absorbance peak at 235 nm. The characterization of the synthesized FGO nanosheets involved X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The antimicrobial activity data demonstrated a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity efficacy of LfSM‐FGO nanosheets against pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC1) showed promising results at low concentrations. The study suggests that FGO nanosheets made from LfSM could serve as alternate factors for in biomedical applications in the future. FGO extract derived from L. fulica snail mucus served as both a reducing and stabilizing agent to prepare nanosheets (NS). The LfSM‐FGO NS was examined by analytical and morphological analyses. The FGO NS evaluated for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured at different concentrations (50 and 75 μL) against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. The in‐vitro assessment of LfSM‐FGO using pancreatic cancer cell lines demonstrated significant anticancer activity.