The Spectrum of Echocardiographic Findings Across Stages I-V of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the frequency of cardiac abnormalities across different stages of CKD, providing insights into the relationship between renal dysfunction and cardiac abnormalities. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Lahore General Hospital's Nephrology Department, enrolling 356 non-dialysis CKD patients (stages I-V) over one year. Participants aged 18-65 years with CKD duration of three months or more were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed dialysis dependency, transplantation, acute kidney injury, and various cardiac conditions. Detailed echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac structure and function was noted. This study included 356 patients with CKD across stages I-V, with the majority in stages III (44.7%) and IV (36.5%). Significant variations were observed in age (p