Beyond resilience: Responses to changing climate and disturbance regimes in temperate forest landscapes across the Northern Hemisphere

Climate change has profound impacts on forest ecosystem dynamics and could lead to the emergence of novel ecosystems via changes in species composition, forest structure, and potentially a complete loss of tree cover. Disturbances fundamentally shape those dynamics: the prevailing disturbance regime of a region determines the inherent variability of a system, and its climate‐mediated change could accelerate forest transformation. We used the individual‐based forest landscape and disturbance model iLand to investigate the resilience of three protected temperate forest landscapes on three continents—selected to represent a gradient from low to high disturbance activity—to changing climate and disturbance regimes. In scenarios of sustained strong global warming, natural disturbances increased across all landscapes regardless of projected changes in precipitation (up to a sevenfold increase in disturbance rate over the 180‐year simulation period). Forests in landscapes with historically high disturbance activity had a higher chance of remaining resilient in the future, retaining their structure and composition within the range of variability inherent to the system. However, the risk of regime shift and forest loss was also highest in these systems, suggesting forests may be vulnerable to abrupt change beyond a threshold of increasing disturbance activity. Resilience generally decreased with increasing severity of climate change. Novelty in tree species composition was more common than novelty in forest structure, especially under dry climate scenarios. Forests close to the upper tree line experienced high novelty in structure across all three study systems. Our results highlight common patterns and processes of forest change, while also underlining the diverse and context‐specific responses of temperate forest landscapes to climate change. Understanding past and future disturbance regimes can anticipate the magnitude and direction of forest change. Yet, even across a broad gradient of disturbance activity, we conclude that climate change mitigation is the most effective means of maintaining forest resilience. 抄録 気候変動は森林生態系に深刻な影響を及ぼし、樹種構成や森林構造の変化、さらには非森林植生への移行を通じて新たな生態系を出現させる可能性がある。自然撹乱はこのような生態系動態を規定しているだけでなく、撹乱体制が生態系の固有の変動を決定し、さらには気候変動に伴う撹乱体制の変化により森林の変化が加速される可能性がある。本研究では、個体ベースの森林景観・撹乱モデルiLandを用いて、3つの大陸にある、撹乱の規模・頻度・強度などの撹乱活動の程度が異なる3つの自然保護地域を対象に、温帯林の気候および撹乱レジームの変化に対する動態とレジリアンスを精査した。ここでのレジリアンスは、各地域における本来の森林構造と種構成に基づくものである。将来的な温暖化が強度に進行するシナリオでは、予測される降水量の変化にかかわらず、3