Enhancing Precision and Safety in Spinal Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Robotic Assistance Technologies

The intricate nature of spinal surgery demands unprecedented precision to avoid severe complications such as nerve damage and paralysis. Recent advancements have steered spinal surgery toward robotic assistance, which enhances precision beyond human capabilities. These robotic systems allow for detailed preoperative planning and real-time guidance during surgery, significantly reducing the margin for error and promoting the adoption of minimally invasive techniques. This review aimed to evaluate the application of robotic systems in spinal surgeries, focusing on the accuracy and efficacy of these technologies in clinical settings. The authors used comprehensive literature searches in 2 databases, PubMed and Scopus, focusing on the terms “robot,” “robot-assisted,” and “spine surgery.” The search was aimed at gathering both original research and review articles to assess the current status and advancements in robotic spinal surgery. Robotic systems, such as the Mazor X Stealth, have demonstrated high precision in pedicle screw placement with minimal deviation. Studies show a significant increase in the accuracy of screw placement compared with traditional methods. Furthermore, the use of robotic assistance in surgery has been linked to reduced operative times, less blood loss, and decreased radiation exposure to both patients and surgical teams. Robotic systems significantly enhance the precision and safety of spinal surgeries. They reduce the risk of complications, minimize surgical invasiveness, and maintain or improve operative outcomes. However, challenges such as high costs and the need for specialized training persist. Continuous technological advancements and training are essential for the broader adoption of these systems in spinal surgeries.