Lachnoclostridium intestinal flora is associated with immunotherapy efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background Effective biomarkers for assessing anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy efficacy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are still lacking. The human gut microbiota has been shown to influence clinical response to anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy in many cancers. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma has not been determined. Methods We conducted a prospective study in which fecal and blood samples from patients with NPC were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing and survival analysis. To investigate potential differences in the gut microbiome between these groups and to identify potential biomarkers indicative of immunotherapy efficacy, patients were categorized into two groups according to their clinical response to immunotherapy, the responder group (R group) and the non‐responder group (NR group). Progression‐free survival (PFS) between these subgroups was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with the log‐rank test. Additionally, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate prognostic factors. Finally, we carried out non‐targeted metabolomics to examine the metabolic effects associated with the identified microbiome. Results Our 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the abundance of Lachnoclostridium was higher in the NR group than in the R group (p = 0.003), and alpha diversity analysis showed that the abundance of microbiota in the NR group was higher than that in the R group (p = 0.050). Patients with a lower abundance of Lachnoclostridium had better PFS (p = 0.048). Univariate (p = 0.017) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.040) showed that Lachnoclostridium was a predictor of PFS. Non‐targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that Lachnoclostridium affects the efficacy of immunotherapy through the usnic acid. Conclusions High abundance of Lachnoclostridium predicts poor prognosis in patients with NPC receiving immunotherapy.