Temporal trends and factors associated with vaccination uptake in dogs and cats from 2016 to 2022 in the United Kingdom

Vaccination of dogs and cats is considered a mainstay of preventive health, providing benefit to individual animals and the population. This study aimed to assess temporal trends in vaccination and factors associated with vaccination uptake in a large veterinary visiting population of UK cats and dogs. The electronic health records (EHRs) of 712,266 dogs and 306,888 cats (voluntarily contributed by 201 veterinary practices) were used to determine the proportion that had record of any type of veterinary vaccination either within one-year or within three-years of attending a participating veterinary practice. Socioeconomic and animal factors were also assessed for association with vaccination uptake using multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models. The percentage of animals vaccinated within one-year of consultation declined across the years 2016 to 2022, from 76.58% (95% CI 74.82–78.33) to 69.04% (95% CI 68.02–70.07) in dogs, and 69.54% (95% CI 67.89–71.19) to 66.12% (95% CI 64.83–67.41) in cats. The proportion of animals that had a vaccination recorded within a three-year window of a consultation for dogs ranged from 81.36% (95% CI 79.74–82.99)to 84.42% (95% CI 83.31–85.54) in the period from 2016 to 2022; for cats, this measure increased from 73.90% (95% CI 72.24–75.56) in 2016 to 77.85% (95% CI 76.46–79.25) in 2022. Aging was associated with reduced odds of animals having a vaccination recorded within one-year and three-years. In both species the odds of vaccination reduced as the level of socioeconomic deprivation assigned to the animal's area of residence increased. The results provide a baseline that can be used as a reference to continue to track vaccination uptake in the cat and dog population. Temporal trends suggest time between vaccinations has increased in recent years. Strategies to encourage owners to vaccinate their animals should consider targeting areas of high deprivation.