Water phase transition and signal nulling in 3D dual‐echo adiabatic inversion‐recovery UTE (IR‐UTE) imaging of myelin

Purpose The semisolid myelin sheath has very fast transverse relaxation and is invisible to conventional MRI sequences. UTE sequences can detect signal from myelin. The major challenge is the concurrent detection of various water components. Methods The inversion recovery (IR)–based UTE (IR‐UTE) sequence employs an adiabatic inversion pulse to invert and suppress water magnetizations. TI plays a key role in water suppression, with negative water magnetizations (negative phase) before the null point and positive water magnetizations (positive phase) after the null point. A series of dual‐echo IR‐UTE images were acquired with different TIs to detect water phase transition. The effects of TR in phase transition and water suppression were also investigated using a relatively long TR of 500 ms and a short TR of 106 ms. The water phase transition in dual‐echo IR‐UTE imaging of myelin was investigated in five ex vivo and five in vivo human brains. Results An apparent phase transition was observed in the second echo at the water signal null point, where the myelin signal was selectively detected by the UTE data acquisition at the optimal TI. The water phase transition point varied significantly across the brain when the long TR of 500 ms was used, whereas the convergence of TIs was observed when the short TR of 106 ms was used. Conclusion The results suggest that the IR‐UTE sequence with a short TR allows uniform inversion and nulling of water magnetizations, thereby providing volumetric imaging of myelin.