Comparing deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining technologies and evaluating their probable impacts on deep-sea pollution

Deep-sea polymetallic nodules (PMN) hold promise as a future resource, with various consortia like MOES, IOM, GSR, KORDI, and COMRA actively exploring mining possibilities. However, current technologies lack environmental sustainability. This study comprehensively compares the technologies proposed by different consortia for deep sea mining (DSM). It evaluates the designs and prototypes of key components like crawlers, conveyor belts, crushers, riser pipes, and slurry tailing discharge mechanisms for their technical feasibility and environmental impact. Environmental concerns regarding sediment disturbances, nodules pick-up methods, crushing, and tailing material filtration are addressed in this article. It is suggested that further research and development efforts are needed to optimize technologies and integrate effective environmental protection measures into DSM operations. [Display omitted] •PMN mining technologies compared: NIOT, IOM, GSMR, KORDI, and COMRA•Environmental impact assessment of the deep-sea mining systems presented•Assessed how different mining technologies disturb deep sea sediment•Compared nodule crushing and varied effluent discharge methods in deep-sea environments•Optimize technology for sustainable deep-sea mining proposed