3D-printed cellulose nanocrystals and gelatin scaffolds with bioactive cues for regenerative medicine: Advancing biomedical applications

3D printed scaffolds have revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine by overcoming the lacunas such as precision, customization, and reproducibility observed through traditional methods of scaffold preparation such as freeze-drying, electrospinning, etc. Combining the advantages of 3D printed scaffolds along with bioactive cues such as signaling molecules can be an effective treatment approach. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) along with gelatin, in different ratios, were used for scaffold preparation through the direct ink writing technique and thoroughly characterized. The scaffolds showed porous microstructure, high swelling ratio (∼390 to 590), degradability and porosity (∼65 %). In vitro biocompatibility assays showed high biocompatibility and no toxicity through live-dead, proliferation and hemolysis assay. Further, the optimum formulation was functionalized with nitric oxide (NO)-releasing modified gelatin to enhance the scaffold's biomedical applicability. Functionality assays with this formulation, scratch, and neurite outgrowth showed positive effects of NO on cell migration and neurite length. The study presents the fabrication, modification, and biomedical applicability of the aforementioned inks, which paves new pathways in the field of 3D printing of scaffolds with significant potential for biomedical applications, soft tissue engineering, and wound dressing, for example. [Display omitted]