Understanding the role of swirling flow in dry powder inhalers: Implications for design considerations and pulmonary delivery

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are widely employed to treat respiratory diseases, offering numerous advantages such as high dose capacity and stable formulations. However, they usually face challenges in achieving sufficient pulmonary drug delivery and minimizing excessive oropharyngeal deposition. This review provides a new viewpoint to address these challenges by focusing on the role of swirling flow, a crucial yet under-researched aspect that induces strong turbulence. In the review, we comprehensively discuss both key classic designs (tangential inlet, swirling chamber, grid mesh, and mouthpiece) and innovative designs in inhalers, exploring how the induced swirling flow initiates powder dispersion and promotes delivery efficiency. Valuable design considerations to effectively coordinate inhalers with formulations and patients are also provided. It is highlighted that the delicate manipulation of swirling flow is essential to maximize benefits. By emphasizing the role of swirling flow and its potential application, this review offers promising insights for advancing DPI technology and optimizing therapeutic outcomes in inhaled therapy. [Display omitted]