Difference in Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk and Mortality by Dietary Pattern Analysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Several studies have demonstrated that dietary patterns identified by a posteriori and hybrid methods are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer risk and mortality. These studies applied different methods for analyzing dietary data and reported inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed to determine the association between dietary patterns, derived using principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR), and GI cancer risk and GI cancer-caused mortality. Articles published up to June 2023 in English were eligible for inclusion. The Medline, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, CINHAL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and Web of Sciences databases were used to identify prospective studies. The Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocol 2020 was used to report results. A total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion. Varied approaches to deriving dietary patterns were used, including PCA (n = 22), RRR (n = 2), combined PCA and RRR (n = 1), cluster analysis (CA; n = 2) and combined PCA and CA (n = 1). Two dietary patterns, "healthy" and "unhealthy," were derived using PCA and RRR. The healthy dietary pattern was characterized by a higher intake of fruits, whole grains, legumes, vegetables, milk, and other dairy products, whereas the unhealthy dietary pattern was characterized by a higher intake of red and processed meat, alcohol, and both refined and sugar-sweetened beverages. The findings indicated that the PCA-derived healthy dietary pattern was associated with an 8% reduced risk (relative risk [RR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.98), and the unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with a 14% increased risk (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.22) of GI cancers. Similarly, the RRR-derived healthy dietary pattern (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.61-1.12) may be associated with reduced risk of GI cancers. In contrast, the RRR-derived unhealthy dietary pattern (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.57-1.52) had no association with a reduced risk of GI cancers. Similarly, evidence suggested that PCA-derived healthy dietary patterns may reduce the risk of death from GI cancers, whereas PCA-derived unhealthy dietary patterns may increase the risk. Findings from prospective studies on the association of PCA-derived dietary patterns and the risk of GI cancers support the evidence of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns as either protective or risk-increasing factors for GI cancers and for survivorship, respectively. The findings also suggest that