Beyond the lungs: Exploring diverse applications of bromhexine and ambroxol

The respiratory tract is commonly affected in multisystem disorders. Although many drugs have been developed to target various components of these diseases, there is still a need for effective treatments that can address both respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Bromhexine and ambroxol are mucolytic agents with a good safety profile that are widely used to treat respiratory conditions. These compounds seem to present several unresolved questions when carrying out their therapeutic effects, suggesting that they may not merely improve mucociliary clearance. These assumptions have provided the basis for researchers to investigate the specific characteristics of bromhexine and ambroxol. This has led to the emergence of several repositionings for this compound. Accordingly, these compounds have also shown potential benefits in the treatment of various extrapulmonary disorders, including neurological disorders, and inflammatory bowel disease. We gathered findings from relevant studies published in English between 1970 and December 2023 by searching databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Our findings revealed that most of the research on extrapulmonary uses has been conducted at the preclinical level. Accordingly, more clinical studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of bromhexine and ambroxol in these conditions. This article provides an overview of the potential extrapulmonary applications of bromhexine and ambroxol and discusses the potential advantages of using these drugs in multisystem disorders. [Display omitted]