Multiple small‐dose infusions of G‐CSF‐mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia

Summary This retrospective study analysed 106 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients undergoing autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) to assess the impact of multiple small‐dose infusions of granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes as post‐ASCT maintenance therapy. Among them, 50 patients received lymphocyte maintenance therapy, 21 received alternative maintenance therapy, and 35 received no maintenance therapy. Patients receiving lymphocyte maintenance therapy demonstrated significantly higher overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) compared to those without maintenance therapy, with 4‐year OS and DFS rates notably elevated. While there were no significant differences in recurrence rates among the three groups, lymphocyte maintenance therapy showcased particular benefits for intermediate‐risk AML patients, yielding significantly higher OS and DFS rates and lower relapse rates compared to alternative maintenance therapy and no maintenance therapy. The study suggests that multiple small‐dose infusions of G‐CSF‐mobilized haploidentical lymphocytes may offer promising outcomes for AML patients after ASCT, particularly for those classified as intermediate‐risk. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of lymphocyte maintenance therapy in reducing disease relapse and improving long‐term prognosis in this patient population. Lymphocyte maintenance therapy has potential in reducing disease relapse and improving long‐term prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia undergoing autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.