Alabama community pharmacists’ knowledge and perceptions regarding fentanyl test strips: A cross-sectional survey

Fentanyl test strips (FTS) are used to detect the presence of fentanyl in other substances, but Alabama pharmacists’ opinions regarding FTS provision are unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and perceptions of Alabama pharmacists regarding FTS and factors influencing pharmacists’ FTS provision intentions across community pharmacy locations and types. An anonymous cross-sectional survey was distributed via email to Alabama pharmacists employed in community (retail) pharmacies. The survey consisted of multiple-choice questions and 5-point Likert-type scales (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior. Primary outcome measures included: knowledge; general attitudes; perceived benefits; perceived barriers; self-efficacy; subjective norms; perceived behavioral control (PBC); and intention regarding FTS provision. Outcomes were characterized using descriptive statistics and differences in scales scores across pharmacy locations (rural vs. urban) and types (corporately-vs. independently-owned) were assessed using Mann-Whitney U tests. Predictors of FTS provision intentions were evaluated using multiple linear regression (alpha=0.05). Respondents (N = 131; 3.82% response rate) were mostly female (64%) and Caucasian (92%). No respondents stocked FTS at their pharmacy and knowledge about FTS was low (mean[SD] knowledge score: 58.7% [15.1]). Despite the existence of perceived barriers (mean [SD] scale score: 3.2 [0.6]), pharmacists’ general attitudes (3.4 [0.5]), perceived benefits (3.7 [0.6]), self-efficacy (3.1 [0.8]), and intentions (3.2[0.7]) were positive. While subjective norms were positive (3.5[0.6]), PBC over FTS decision-making was negative (2.7[0.8]). Subjective norms were higher (P = 0.040) and PBC was lower (P < 0.001) amongst corporately-versus independently-owned pharmacies, but no differences existed between rural and urban locations for any measures. Additionally, perceived benefits (β=0.342, P = 0.002), PBC (β = 0.133, P = 0.045), and self-efficacy (β = 0.142, P = 0.034) were positive predictors and perceived barriers (β = −0.211, P = 0.029) was a negative predictor of intention. Alabama community pharmacists have positive attitudes regarding FTS, but future research should focus on strategies to increase PBC and overcome perceived barriers.