Numerical study of the upwelling and downwelling effects of artificial reefs along tidal cycles in the Pearl River Estuary

Artificial reefs (ARs) are a preferred option for managers due to their distinctive hydrodynamic properties, which support a highly productive local ecosystem. However, the hydrodynamics characteristics of ARs in natural marine environments have not been conducted. Being the first to explore the spatiotemporal characteristic of flow fields around ARs along tidal cycles in marine environments, this study redefined the upwelling and downwelling of ARs, based on natural vertical velocities, and separated the upwelling into co-direction upwelling and re-direction upwelling, and the downwelling into co-direction downwelling and re-direction downwelling. This study simulated the flow field in the Wanshan ARs area of the Pearl River Estuary along the tidal cycles using the MIKE3-FM. Numerical simulations revealed that (1) co-direction upwelling and co-direction downwelling were the dominant components of the vertical flow field effects of ARs; (2) the areas sum of upwelling and downwelling were largest in the medium water column, with about 1.6 and 1.03 times as large as the bottom and surface water column, respectively, while the fluxes sum of the upwelling and downwelling were largest in bottom water column, with approximately 1.3 and 2.2 times larger than those in the middle and surface water columns; (3) the area and volume of the upwelling and downwelling gradually decreased along neap-spring tide, exhibited significantly negative correlations with current speeds; while the upwelling flux and downwelling flux gradually increased along neap-spring tide; exhibited a significantly positive correlation with current speed; (4) the effects of tide to upwelling and downwelling of AR are forced by the northward velocity of current speed, the net flux of upwelling and downwelling showed a significant positive correlation with the northward velocity of current speed (r = 0.94). These results could provide a reference for assessing the flow field effect of ARs and a guide for the configuration and management of ARs. •Redefined the upwelling and downwelling of ARs.•Areas and volumes of upwelling and downwelling of ARs decrease along neap-spring tide.•Fluxes of upwelling and downwelling of ARs increase along neap-spring tide.•Net flux of upwelling and downwelling positively correlate with current's v-velocity.