Cluster of differentiation molecules in the metabolic syndrome

•Cluster of differentiation markers play pivotal roles in Metabolic syndrome (MetS) pathogenesis.•CD152, soluble CD163, CD115, CD34, CD39, and CD38 were important CDs involved in MetS pathogenesis.•Insights into CD marker involvement shed light on novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for MetS.•Integration of clinical and experimental evidence provides a deeper understanding of MetS complexity. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a significant public health concern due to its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health conditions. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to MetS pathogenesis remain elusive. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, which play critical roles in immune regulation and cellular signaling. Through an extensive literature review with a systematic approach, we examine the involvement of various CD markers in MetS development and progression, including their roles in adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting CD markers for the management of MetS. By synthesizing current evidence, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between immune dysregulation and metabolic dysfunction in MetS, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.