Prevalence and Implementation Characteristics of Weekend Food Assistance Programs in U.S. Schools

Amid national efforts to align priorities for nutrition and food assistance programs, little is known about the implementation of community-led efforts for children. This study aimed to estimate U.S. public school participation in weekend backpack programs (WBPs), to document program structure, and to consider characteristics of programs with more nutritious food offerings. The prevalence of WBP participation in 2022 was estimated using a state-stratified, random sample of n=413 public schools. Administrators from WBPs at 49 schools completed measures of implementation characteristics and nutritional quality of foods offered. In 2022–2023, using a multivariable-adjusted linear regression model, the authors explored the association between hypothesized implementation characteristics and Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores of foods provided. Half of public schools (53.7%, 95% CI: 46.8%, 60.7%) in the national sample reported participating in WBPs. Many WBPs in the subsample were affiliated with anti-hunger organizations (41%), led by school counselors and volunteers (55%), and funded by grants (51%). WBPs spent an average of $0.56 (sd=$0.36) per item. Foods provided averaged a Healthy Eating Index-2015 score of 58.4 (sd=12.3), similar to children's average diets. About half of WBPs (41%) reported accessing nutrition resources. Despite the decentralized structure and absence of dedicated funding mechanisms, WBPs were common in our national sample of schools, suggesting widespread perceptions of unmet food needs and extensive efforts from community members to mitigate weekend hunger. Further research on food procurement methods and program impacts on child nutrition outcomes is needed to advance national priorities for nutrition and food security.