High-order LP modes based Sagnac interference for temperature sensing with an enhanced optical Vernier effect

In this paper, high-order LP modes based Sagnac interference for temperature sensing are proposed and investigated theoretically. Based on the specific high-order LP modes excited through the mode selective couplers (MSCs), we design a stress-induced Panda-type few-mode fiber (FMF) supporting 4 LP modes and construct a Sagnac interferometer to achieve a highly sensitive temperature sensor. The performances of different LP modes (LP , LP , LP , and LP ) are explored under a single Sagnac interferometer and paralleled Sagnac interferometers, respectively. LP mode has the highest temperature sensitivity. Compared with fundamental mode (LP ), the temperature sensitivity based on LP mode improved by 18.2% at least. In addition, a way to achieve the enhanced optical Vernier effect is proposed. It should be noted that two Sagnac loops are located in two temperature boxes of opposite variation trends, respectively. Both two Sagnac interferometers act as the sensing element, which is different from the traditional optical Vernier effect. The temperature sensitivity of novel enhanced optical Vernier effect is magnified by 8 times, which is larger than 5 times the traditional Vernier effect. The novel approach avoids measurement errors and improves the stability of the sensing system. The focus of this research is on high-order mode interference, which has important guiding significance for the development of highly sensitive Sagnac sensors.