Platelet membrane-coated oncolytic vaccinia virus with indocyanine green for the second near-infrared imaging guided multi-modal therapy of colorectal cancer

Schematic illustration of the treatment and mechanism of PIOVV nanoparticles complexes target colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is a prevalent malignancy with insidious onset and diagnostic challenges, highlighting the imperative for innovative therapeutic approaches to enhance theranostic outcomes. In this study, we elucidate the unique temperature-resistant properties of oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV), which can synergistically target tumors under photothermal conditions. Capitalizing on this characteristic, we harness the potential of OVV by surface-loading it with indocyanine green (ICG) and encapsulating it within a platelet membrane (PLTM), resulting in the creation of PLTM-ICG-OVV (PIOVV). This innovative complex seamlessly integrates virotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). The morphology, size, dispersion stability, optical properties, and cellular uptake properties of PIOVV were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal PIOVV’s remarkable specificity for cancer cells, effectively inducing apoptosis and suppressing proliferation of CT26 cell. In mouse models, PIOVV exhibits enhanced fluorescence at tumor sites, accompanied with prolonged blood circulation. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, PIOVV significantly impedes tumor growth. This pioneering strategy holds immense potential for advancing phototherapy, oncolytic virology, drug delivery, and tumor-specific targeting, particularly in the context of CRC theranostics. [Display omitted] Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with insidious onset and diagnostic challenges, highlighting the need for therapeutic approaches to enhance theranostic outcomes. In this study, we elucidated the unique temperature-resistant properties of the oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV), which can synergistically target tumors under photothermal conditions. To capitalize on this characteristic, we harnessed the potential of the OVV by surface-loading it with indocyanine green (ICG) and encapsulating it within a platelet membrane (PLTM), resulting in the creation of PLTM-ICG-OVV (PIOVV). This complex seamlessly integrates virotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). The morphology, size, dispersion stability, optical properties, and cellular uptake of PIOVV were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed specificity of PIOVV for cancer cells; it effec