Gross morphologic features of surgical specimen in rectal cancer patients with pathological complete response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: A cross‐sectional study

Background pathological complete response (pCR) is achieved in 10%–30% of rectal cancer patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery. Residual mucosal abnormalities, which make patients ineligible for nonoperative management, may not be an accurate indicator of the pCR. The purpose of this study was to report the gross findings of rectal cancer patients with pathological complete responses. Methods This study was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A total of 130 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma, treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgical resection between March 2007, and March 2017, with a surgical pathology report of pCR, were included. Patients' demographics and pretreatment tumor characteristics were collected from the medical records. Data regarding residual mucosal abnormalities were extracted from postoperative surgical pathology reports. Abnormal findings were reported as "ulcer" or " non‐ulcerative lesion". Results One hundred and fifteen patients (88.5%; 95% CI: 81.7%–93.4%) had at least one abnormal finding in the gross examination, including ulcer or non‐ulcerative lesion (any mucosal abnormalities other than ulcers, including polyps, telangiectasia, etc.). Patients with higher‐stage tumors had a higher chance of having an ulcerative lesion (p = 0.05). Younger patients tended to have deeper layers of involvement (p = 0.013). Patients with different gross findings were not significantly different regarding baseline characteristics, except for the pretreatment stage, where patients with a higher stage had higher odds of having ulcerative lesions. Conclusions Most rectal cancer patients achieving a pCR exhibit abnormalities on gross examination. The higher pretreatment stages were significantly associated with gross abnormalities especially ulcers.