Integrated assessment of the spatial distribution, sources, degradation, and human risk of tetracyclines in honey in China

Tetracyclines are widely used in Chinese apiculture. However, limited information is available on the presence of tetracycline residues in honey and the sources, degradation patterns, and associated health risks of these compounds. In this study, the presence of tetracyclines in honey samples across China was investigated over a four-year period. Additionally, the risks of dietary intake, as well as the sources and degradation patterns of tetracyclines in honey, were assessed. The three-dimensional spatial distributions (floral region, geographical region and entomological origin) of tetracyclines contamination varied significantly. Tetracycline residues in honey posed a moderate risk to children aged 3–10 years in Northwest China. Source analysis indicated that colony migration serves as the primary source of tetracyclines in honey. Based on the degradation patterns of tetracyclines in honey within colonies and during storage, oxytetracycline is more readily degraded than other tetracyclines. The main degradation products of tetracyclines are epimers and dehydration products, and the effects of these products on human health and the environment should be further evaluated in future studies. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the safe use and regulation of tetracyclines in Chinese apiculture. [Display omitted] •Tetracyclines profiles vary in honey samples from different sources.•OTC and TC exhibited the highest detection frequency and concentration.•Colony migration was the main source of tetracyclines in honey.•OTC was more readily degraded than other tetracyclines during production and storage.•Tetracyclines in honey posed moderate health risks to children aged 3-10 in NW China.