The relationship between menorrhagia, iron deficiency, and anaemia in recreationally active females: An exploratory population based screening study

Iron deficiency, anaemia, and menorrhagia – or heavy menstrual bleeding – are interrelated conditions that are highly prevalent and commonly underrecognised in exercising females of reproductive age. This study utilised a screening tool to identify risk factors and symptoms associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and anaemia in this population. An observational, cross sectional survey study was employed. 1042 active females (aged 18–65) completed a comprehensive screening questionnaire and 887 (85 % compliance) provided a fingerprick blood sample for haemoglobin (Hb) concentration measurement. Women that presented as anaemic (defined as a [Hb]