Increased α2,3‐sialyl N‐glycosylated prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in post‐DRE urine is associated with high grade group prostate cancer

Introduction Aberrant glycosylation of proteins is an important hallmark in multiple cancers. Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a highly glycosylated protein with 10 N‐linked glycosylation sites, is an Food and Drug Administration approved theranostic for prostate cancer. However, glycosylation changes in PSMA that are associated with prostate cancer disease progression have not been fully characterized. Methods We investigated whether urinary PSMA sialylation correlate with high‐grade prostate cancer. Urine samples were collected from men after digital rectal examination (DRE) before prostate biopsy. Lectin‐antibody enzyme‐linked immunoassay was used to quantify α2,3‐sialyl PSMA in post‐DRE urine samples from subjects with benign prostate tumors, Grade Group 1 prostate cancer and those with Grade Group ≥2 disease. Results There are significant increases in α2,3‐sialylated PSMA in patients with Grade Group ≥2 disease compared to benign (p = 0.0009) and those with Grade Group 1 disease (p = 0.0063). There were no significant differences in α2,3‐sialyl PSMA levels between Grade Group 1 and benign prostate tumors (p = 0.7947). Conclusions Our study shows that there are significant differences in the abundance of α2,3‐sialylated PSMA in post‐DRE urines from disease stratified prostate cancer patients, and the increase is correlated with progression and disease severity. The detection of increased PSMA sialyation in post‐DRE urines from patients with higher Grade Group ≥2 disease states provides novel untapped potential for the development of prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Specifically, quantitation of α2,3‐sialylated PSMA shows potential for discriminating between benign to intermediate grade disease, which is a significant clinical challenge in staging and risk stratification of prostate cancer.