Kaempferide triggers apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic tumor cells by modulating the ROS production, SHP‐1 expression, and the STAT3 pathway

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest diseases with a poor prognosis and a five‐survival rate. The STAT3 pathway is hyperactivated which contributes to the sustained proliferative signals in pancreatic cancer cells. We have isolated kaempferide (KF), an O‐methylated flavonol, from the green propolis of Mimosa tenuiflora and examined its effect on two forms of cell death namely, apoptosis and paraptosis. KF significantly increased the cleavage of caspase‐3 and PARP. It also downmodulated the expression of Alix (an intracellular inhibitor of paraptosis) and increased the expression of CHOP and ATF4 (transcription factors that promote paraptosis) indicating that KF promotes apoptosis as well as paraptosis. KF also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggesting the perturbance of the redox state. N‐acetylcysteine reverted the apoptosis‐ and paraptosis‐inducing effects of KF. Some ROS inducers are known to suppress the STAT3 pathway and investigation revealed that KF downmodulates STAT3 and its upstream kinases (JAK1, JAK2, and Src). Additionally, KF also elevated the expression of SHP‐1, a tyrosine phosphatase which is involved in the negative modulation of the STAT3 pathway. Knockdown of SHP‐1 prevented KF‐driven STAT3 inhibition. Altogether, KF has been identified as a promoter of apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through the elevation of ROS generation and SHP‐1 expression.