Cell viability assessment and ion release profiles of GICs modified with TiO2- and Mg-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

To assess and compare the cell viability and ion release profiles of two conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs), Fuji IX and Ketac Molar EasyMix, modified with TiO2 and Mg-doped-HAp nanoparticles (NPs). TiO2 NPs, synthesized via a sol–gel method, and Mg-doped hydroxyapatite, synthesized via a hydrothermal process, were incorporated into GICs at a concentration of 5 wt.%. The biocompatibility of prepared materials was assessed by evaluating their effects on the viability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), together with monitoring ion release profiles. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way analysis of variance, with significance level p < 0.05. The addition of NPs did not significantly affect the biocompatibility of GICs, as evidenced by comparable decreased levels in cell viability to their original formulations. Distinct variations in cell viability were observed among Fuji IX and Ketac Molar, including their respective modifications. FUJI IX and its modification with TiO2 exhibited moderate decrease in cell viability, while other groups exhibited severe negative effects. While slight differences in ion release profiles were observed among the groups, significant variations compared to original cements were not achieved. Fluoride release exhibited an initial “burst release” within the initial 24 h in all samples, stabilizing over subsequent days. The addition of NPs did not compromise biocompatibility, nor anticariogenic potential of tested GICs. However, observed differences among FUJI IX and Ketac Molar, including their respective modifications, as well as induced low viability of DPSC by all tested groups, suggest the need for careful consideration of cement composition in their biological assessments. The findings contribute to understanding the complex interaction between NPs and GIC matrices. However, the results should be interpreted recognizing the inherent limitations associated with in vitro studies. Further research avenues could explore long-term effects, in vivo performance, and potential clinical applications.